Wherever possible, all planing is done ir direction of the grain; it may be necessary to change direction, however, ii case of irregularly grained woods. The jack plane is used for the first rough surfacing, followed by the sh smoothing plane, whose cutter has been set to a minimum working edge. If cient stock is to be planed off to warrant marking with the gage along both s the progress of the work can be accurately noted. In spite of this precaution there is always the probability that the planed will not form a true right angle with the lower surface. For narrow edges, th< of the winding strips, described for the detection of warpage in a preceding sei of this chapter, will prove of value. During or after planing, a straightedge along the newly planed surface will reveal any existing valleys when viewed ag; the light. The difficulty of planing end grain with the block plane is greater in the I woods than in the softwoods, for, there is always the strong likelihood of spli off the end fibers. This splitting can be prevented by clamping a piece of v tightly against and flush with the far end, and planing across its surface with stroke. Wide end grains can be planed inward from both sides. The exactness required in cabinet work has resulted in the manufacture jig known as a "shooting board," Figure i.io. Such a device can be made by Fig. i.io. Shooting boards. home mechanic out of scraps of hardwood, and will more than repay its ov for the timesaving precision it makes possible. If thin hardwood material is a able, the well for the removable triangle can be built up, instead of laborioi gouged out. Care must be taken that the stepped front edge is true, and that triangular block is an accurate right angle, so that mitered edges can be pla ith exactitude. The operations performed by a variety of separate planes constructed rabbeting, tonguing. grooving, plowing, dadoing, beading, and molding are i ined in one plane, appropriately known as a "combination plane." If wit 14 . the home craftsman's means, this tool is well worth buying; it is accompanied by complete instructions for its adjustments. As shown in Figure i.n, it is equipped with a removable fence and a variety of cutters or chisels, making it in effect a handoperated power tool of amazing versatility. Experience and practice will widen the scope of its possibilities. "Chamfering" is the term used for the operation of leveling off the corners of two faces at right angles to each other. It can be accurately accomplished with a chamfering plane like the one shown in Figure i.i2, which has an adjustable blade that can be lowered as the work progresses. If such a plane is not available, it is customary to draw guide lines on both faces, roughchisel the edge, and finish with a smoothing or jointing plane. "Stop chamfering" is the term used when the chamfer swoops up gradually at each end. Saw cuts at each end are usually made to limit the plain chamfer, which is later graded upward with a spokeshave.