The waste is then removed in a series of horizontal chips until the final horizontal and vertical cuts clean out the ledge to its desired level. Fig. i.16. Sawing a rabbet. Fig. 1.17. Chiseling a rabbet. A mortise for a butt hinge is a shallow refinement of the above process, limited by vertical side cuts at right angles to the first vertical checking cut. Cutting a recess with no open side requires a series of bevel cuts within the area outlined by surrounding vertical cuts, as in Figure 1.18. A groove is made by a continuation of this procedure. Chamfering on side or end grain is not difficult, once gage lines are scored on both sides. The chisel is especially suitable for the gradual slopes at the beginning and end of a stop chamfering. Chiseling off endgrain stock is a true paring operation; the blade should be held so that one corner of the Jreen cutting edge removes a thin shaving at a time. The guiding hand (Figure 7.19) holds the blade against the work in such a wav as to restrict the depth of each cut. thus preventing gouging. Boring. For allround use the hand drill is efficient for boring with small or mediumsized hits or drills. For larger holes the woodworker uses a brace, prefer CABINETMAKING ably with a rachet swing. Auger bits vary in diameter from %6 in. to 12 in., expansive bits capable of adjustment up to 3 in. Single and doubletwist are designed for general woodworking use; the solidcenter type is preferred finer cabinetwork. Fig. i.18. Chiseling a mortise. Fig. i .19. Parting end grain. To insure that a hole is being bored perpendicularly, it is good practice stand a try square alongside and align it with the bit by eye, from time to ti When the point of the bit shows signs of penetrating the wood, the work she be turned over and the hole completed from the side, unless a piece of w; stock was first clamped to the underside to prevent splintering. The same ] cedure is followed in boring long holes, even when a previously drilled blocl used as a jig, as in Figure 1.20. It is very difficult to drill long holes accural unless one half of the hole is bored from each end. For drilling uniformly diagonal holes a jig is an essential aid. For exam in borings for the equally splayed or raked legs of an Ei American stool, the percentage of outward inclinatior first determined in degrees and set up on the adjusts bevel as shown in Figure 1.21. With this as a guide, hole is bored in a block that will become a jig for e. of the equally inclined holes in the stool's top. In the pi ess of boring the jig, a subjig, consisting of two cros ¦•» 120. Boring jig on Fic. ui. Determining angle of ti by use of adjustable bevel. 2d . slats or furring strips, pivoted on a nail or screw and secured to the rear wall as a rest for the smooth portion of the bit, will be found useful. When an adjustable, opensided, commercial miter box is available, an effective jig for boring holes at almost any angle or in narrow stock can be easily assembled.